Radio Television Malaysia

The historical backdrop of radio in Malaysia began in the year 1921. A. L. Birch, an electrical designer from the Johor Government carried the first radio set into the nation. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Johor Wireless Association was set up and broadcasting through 300 meter waves started. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) This was then trailed by the foundation of a similar relationship in Penang and the Malayan Wireless Association in Kuala Lumpur. Studio of Broadcasting Corporation of Malaya was opened on eleventh March 1937 by Sir Shenton Thomas. Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) In the year 1930, Sir Earl from the Singapore Port Authority started its short wave communicate each fortnight either on Sundays or Wednesdays. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Straits Settlement assumed control over The British Broadcasting Corporation of Malaysia. Radio directs in Malacca, Penang, Kuala Lumpur and Seremban and Singapore was taken over by the Japanese to communicate deception. (R adio Television Malaysia, 2010) Department of Broadcasting was set up in Singapore on the first of April year 1946. In the mid 50's, communicating exercises in Malaya were worked from its transitory studio in Jalan Young in Kuala Lumpur and later in 1956, were moved to the Federal House, Kuala Lumpur. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Broadcasting in Malaysia began to develop all through the nation, including Sabah and Sarawak. On 28th December 1963, Television administrations were brought into the business. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) The development of the principal station, Rangkaian Satu urged the subsequent station to be perceived on seventeenth November 1969. Followed by the episode where Radio and Television were consolidated under the Ministry of Information. Fast advancement was found in communicating for both TV and radio. Communicate time was expanded with the goal that everybody can have the advantage of tuning in to it, in any event, for the night move laborers. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Different dialects were communicated too. Development of TV turned out to be quick. On first March 1994, TV Malaysia began its initial broadcast as right on time as 6 toward the beginning of the day. TV1, the Prime Channel acquired â€Å"Selamat Pagi Malaysia† (Good Morning Malaysia). TV2, The Golden Channel, later trailed by propelling â€Å"Moving On Two† in December 1996. Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Viewers began expanding step by step by at that point. RTM has existing media transmission through TV1, TV2, and the 34 radio channels of different dialects at the National, state, neighborhood and global level. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010)The crowd share for TV1 is 15. 9%. Though crowd share for TV2 is 19. 2%. TV2 has m ore crowd share. RTM1 communicates its news at 8pm. News style is confined and restricted with only a couple of worldwide news as it were. All news introduced was current news. No old news was accounted for except if it is following up news. Case of current and nearby news revealed is neighborhood news on counterfeit eggs and phony medication. Other than that, missing young lady case in Kelantan was additionally one of the current news detailed. By and by, the case of worldwide news revealed was news on Japan after the Tsunami and news on late floods that hit Australia. There was no feeling of diversion in RTM1 news. Anyway for TV2 news which is communicated at 8. 30pm, news detailed is less confined. News revealed are less confined with the parity of both nearby and worldwide news making it all the more fascinating for watchers and crowd to recognize what's going on around the globe. All news introduced was current and like RTM1. Case of nearby news introduced by TV2 is ongoing BAKTI news and child dumping cases. Case of International news revealed by TV2 is China’s agribusiness state and about Tsunami casualties in Japan. For diversion base notwithstanding, there was no real amusement area in both RTM1 and TV2. All things considered, RTM1 had a little segment on advancing Sarawak’s the travel industry and the magnificence of the nation. Incorporated its history, foundation of Sarawak, wayang kulit and well known structures. Essentially, simply advancing the nation and urge us to travel locally. Other than that, TV2 have a little portion called â€Å"Today in History† discussing history of our nation planning to teach us and remind us not to rehash history. RTM 1 had gesture based communication interpreter which demonstrated the channel’s worry to have the option to provide food a wide range of watchers. Other than that, RTM1 had applicable notes at the base of the screen for extra data too. Crowd can get up to speed with the notes on the off chance that they happen to miss the journalists giving an account of the news. Brief data and part on Malaysian financial exchanges was appeared too. TV2 news had clear and significant focuses that disentangled watchers comprehension of the news appeared. TV2 too had notes at the base of the screen too making it crowd cordial. Commentator looked progressively loosened up while introducing the news contrasted with reporter in RTM1. Shockingly, TV2 doesn't have communication through signing interpreter. More or less, the two channels had clear and significant recordings to give a psychological picture to watchers, clear presentation in introducing news, and ultimately, important meetings and statements to fortify the focuses made with the news introduced. For style of composing, RTM1 utilized recognizable words in detailing. Shockingly, the â€Å"how† component was not portrayed completely in the news announcing of RTM1. The â€Å"how† component was absent. TV2 news utilizes formal English to introduce news in formal manner. By the by, the who, what, why, why, how component was all plainly referenced in the communicate piece which can convey the message to the news watchers. News in RTM1 isn't as concrete as just concise data, a â€Å"run through† was given to the crowd about the news. For instance, just concise data was given about the declaration of the 1Malaysia email venture. TV2 communicate news is increasingly succinct and real. The progression of communicate news piece came out as progressively compelling in TV2 news contrasted with RTM1 as the news in TV2 goes all together. News in RTM1 was formal and directly forthright. Some news introduced was less significant and they had recordings appeared with the news to make a scene. For TV2, was formal however less tense condition. Luckily, more choice of news for watchers as it had an equalization of both global and nearby news. The two channels had certain exchanges, time of news demonstrated intensity as RTM1 news is at 8pm though RTM2 news communicate at 8. 30pm. Crowd would need to settle on a decision in picking which news to watch.

Aqua Culture in the US essays

Water Culture in the US expositions The USs issue is basic. Our fish numbers are waning because of a variety of components. Most importantly, our waterways, streams and seas have been angled since Eric the Red and the Vikings were here. Our water supplies have nearly been taken uncovered from what the gracefully of good, grown-up measured fish used to be. Over angling has been repaid by severe government guidelines on how much poundage of fish can be taken every day, and year from the US waters. (Boston Globe, 2002) Since the legislature has been putting severe gauges on how much fish can be taken in every day, they ought to likewise be considered responsible on assisting the angling business monetarily. For a very long time, individuals who lived off of the sea took in as much fish as humanly conceivable in a day. (Boston Globe, 2001) This was alright, until motorization came to fruition. The seas were turning out to be drained quicker every day. The cash the administration should give, is cash just to begin an aquaculture program to help the fish numbers to get up, or, to give the fish ranchers their ideal measure of fish to offer to organizations and stores. Contamination is likewise a major factor in the waning measures of fish in the US waters. As far as anyone knows the legislature ought to direct and dealing with organizations who contaminate the waters. Clearly insufficient has been done to bend the measure of contamination murdering off our fish populace. The fault can be set exclusively on the US government. They should give a great deal of consideration to the water contamination, since its extreme to keep the water we have left, clean water. For this, the administration ought to likewise help pay for aquaculture ventures. The legislature can get their cash for the undertakings from an assortment of sources. For one thing, they can take some cash from the military. There is such a lot of cash being siphoned into the military at this moment, its ludicrous. I question the US needs the measure of planes, tanks and ammunition it has, simply to remain a superpower on the planet. ... <!

Ideological Framework

The Ideological Framework Economic thriving generated discontent when the local recipients saw another universe of wealth opening for themselves and their class. They achieved another awareness and consequently, another objective †that of equity with the peninsulares †not in the theoretical, yet in down to earth financial and political terms. Hispanization turned into the cognizant sign of monetary battle, of the craving to understand the possibilities offered by the time of development and progress. Hispanization and osmosis established the ideological articulation of the monetary inspirations of well-to-do indios and mestizos. Balance with the Spaniard implied equity of chance. However, they didn't understand so far that genuine correspondence must be founded on national opportunity and autonomy. The were still in the underlying periods of patriot cognizance †an awareness made conceivable by the market circumstance of the time. The noble minister who had been halfway answerable for the confinement of the islands turned into the objective of assaults. Hostile to clericalism turned into the ideological style of the period. [p. 134] These then were the remarkable monetary and ideological highlights of Rizal's time. A genuine recorded survey would demonstrate that incredible men are the individuals who read the time and have a more profound comprehension of the real world. It is their bits of knowledge that make them acquainted with their periods and which empower them to explain the necessities of the individuals. To a huge degree, Rizal, the ilustrado, satisfied this capacity, for in voicing the objectives of his group he needed to incorporate the desires of the whole individuals. In spite of the fact that the points of this class were constrained to reformist measures, he communicated its requests regarding human freedom and human pride and in this way incorporated the more extensive desires of the considerable number of individuals. It is not necessarily the case that he was cognizant that these were class objectives; rather, that average of his group, he compared class enthusiasm with individuals' government assistance. He did this in compliance with common decency, uninformed of any fundamental logical inconsistencies between the two. He was the result of his general public and as such could be relied upon to voice just those points that were inside the capability of his group. Also, social logical inconsistencies had not aged adequately in his opportunity to uncover plainly the basic difference among class and national objectives. Neither might he be able to have risen above his group restrictions, for his social childhood was to such an extent that friendship for Spain and Spanish progress blocked breaking the chains of imperialism. He needed to turn into a Spaniard first before turning into a Filipino. [8] As a social analyst, as the exposer of abuse, he played out a wonderful undertaking. His compositions were a piece of the convention of dissent which bloomed into transformation, into a dissenter development. His unique point of lifting the indio to the degree of Hispanization of the peninsular with the goal that the nation could be acclimatized, could turn into an area of Spain, was changed into its inverse. Rather than making the Filipinos closer to Spain, the purposeful publicity offered root to division. The drive for Hispanization was changed into the advancement of an unmistakable national awareness. Rizal contributed a lot to the development of this national awareness. It was a commitment regarding purposeful publicity as well as in something positive that the current age of Filipinos will owe to him and for which they will respect him by finishing the undertaking which he so respectably started. He may have had an alternate and restricted objective at that point, an objective that for us is now old fashioned, something we underestimate. In any case, for [p. 135] his time this restricted objective was at that point a major positive development. This commitment was in the domain of Filipino nationhood †the triumphant of our name as a race, the acknowledgment of our kin as one, and the rise of the indio into Filipino.

Research On Cloud Computing For Business Perspectives - 2750 Words

Research On Cloud Computing For Business Perspectives (Research Paper Sample) Content: CLOUD COMPUTING FOR BUSINESS PERSPECTIVESStudents nameSubjectDateTable of ContentsTitle PageExecutive Summary ..... 3Introduction .......3Research Aims and Objectives ..... 3Background .. 4How cloud computing works ... 4Research Significance and Innovation . 5Research Methods 6Conclusion 7References 8Executive Summary Cloud computing is one of the recent technological advancement advantages that a large number of business organizations are currently benefiting from. Some business organizations have attained an understanding of the importance of utilizing cloud computing in their operations, and thus they have managed to obtain a lot of advantages in their operations. There is, however, a group of other business organizations that lack an understanding of how cloud computing operates and the means through which they can utilize it in their o perations. These businesses, therefore, face significant challenges like aspects of security of their trade secrets which they store on their local servers, which could completely be solved with the utilization of cloud computing among other important and easy methods of technology. This paper assesses the means through which business organizations can utilize cloud computing to improve their operations in a significant manner. It is a research study that is aimed at helping business operatives understand the importance of cloud computing and maintain a positive perspective about its existence and usability (Winkler, 2011).Introduction Cloud computing refers to the process through which individuals or organizations utilize network provided or remote servers that are hosted on the internet to manage, process and store data, instead of utilizing a local computer for the same. The activity cloud computing has recently been embraced by a large number of business organizations and indivi duals, who seem to have some important activities that they feel the importance of carrying out using different servers from the local ones or the personal computers. A good example is a business organization needing to store its trade secret information and other important business documents in a safe location that is extremely difficult for any individual to obtain easily. In such an occasion, the individual can simply consider the utilization of a cloud server where this information will be stored, since, unlike the local servers, cloud servers are more secure and extremely difficult for people to hack or obtain access easily. This study provides a clear explanation of the means through which business organizations should embrace and utilize cloud computing technologies to obtain significant improvements of how they operate (Vaquero, Caceres, Hierro, 2012). Research Aims and Objectives The research under study has some important aims and objectives which it is required to meet throughout its development. The first aim of the research is to attain an understanding of the perspective that business organizations have regarding the aspect of cloud computing. Perspective is a significantly important aspect that has the power and capability of determining the means through which an individual or organization reacts towards something. When a business has a positive perspective towards a certain project, for example, that business is likely to have a lot of interest in establishing that project. Time and resources are likely to be invested in pursuit of the deliverables for that project. For cloud computing in the world of business, the perspective that business organizations have on this technological advancement is likely to determine whether they are willing to try its implementation in their operations or not. The research study, therefore, aims to determine the perspective that majority of the business organizations have on cloud computing (Safonov, 2017). The other main aim that this research has is the assessment of the means through which cloud computing can be beneficial to business organizations. The research study has a purpose of providing important information to business organizations regarding the topic of cloud computing. Among the many aspects that businesses would be interested in are the aspects of how they can manage to utilize the cloud computing service to their operations and manage to benefit. The study has the aim of ensuring that business organizations attain the means through which they can manage to implement effectiveness of operation through cloud computing. The research study will therefore assess and provide information on these methods and their importance. The third main aim of this research study is assessing any possible negative impacts that businesses might obtain through their use of cloud computing. Like all other technologies that are currently embraced and used, cloud computing also has some disa dvantages for all the individuals and organizations that utilize it. It is extremely important for the organizations that will learn its benefits and the means to which it can help them improve also attain an understanding of the means to which it exposes them to risk simply by using it. The research study is thus aimed at providing sufficient research results regarding the ways through which organizations can be affected negatively by using cloud computing (Toraldo, 2012). An objective of the study is to help business organizations attain the most appropriate ways of operation which will help them manage to increase their operations and improve significantly, to avoid aspects of being less effective in their operations. Technological advancements have been one of the main ways through which business organizations have been improving their operations significantly. The study aims to help the business obtain a clear understanding of the benefits that they are likely to obtain simply by using cloud computing in their operations. Background Cloud computing is one of the most recent technological advancements that has been of significant importance to a large number of individuals and organizations. Currently, it is utilized by the large organizations which need large storage and computing power that may be considered unwise for the organization to purchase for external use within the organizations. Individuals, therefore, consider the utilization of cloud computing services to utilize the high computing power offered by computing organizations and only pay for it when they need it. Cloud computing is also utilized in helping organizations that have the need or requirement of large storage space for information or data to have storage places where they can store data for a fee. This aspect is sometimes considered better than purchasing organization local storage where the information is stored in (Josyula, Orr, Page, 2012).How cloud computing works Cloud computin g is an establishment made by organizations where they decide to establish extremely strong servers with the capability of offering their processing power and storage to clients. These servers are established to be used by a large number of clients and thus for that reason; they are provided with extremely high computing power and very large storage spaces. One major issue that cloud computing service providers face is the need for clients to have their computers for use in their work. If for example, a client is seeking to utilize a certain very strong software in his or her operation, a need might arise for that client to have a single computer for her own. This becomes a problem because in case the organization has more than a thousand clients with a similar requirement as that, then about a thousand computers would be required (Ruparelia, 2016).To solve this issue completely, architectures of virtualization are used, thus making sure that clients view themselves as...

Main Causes Of Pollution In America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 493 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Topics: Pollution Essay Did you like this example? WHO is estimates that 4.6 million people die from pollution each year by asthma, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies, most of these people are from California and other places. What are some ways we could try to stop this? First, cutting out greenhouse gases, second, recycling motor oil, third, picking up your pets messes. The fires in California are one of the main causes of pollution in America. Places, where major floods are happening, could get poured on fires, instead, of taking the water from the ocean, or dumping hazardous chemicals on the fires, making peoples breathing even worse, this goes for everywhere else in the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Main Causes Of Pollution In America" essay for you Create order Animal waste is also adding to the pollution, and owners arent picking up after their pets enough, this has polluted crops and killed people. Pet owners that dont pick up enough could take a course about picking up more and finding out about the effects of not picking up for your pets. Plastic straws and other plastic items are ruining marine life for fish, there is literally an island of just plastic in the middle of the ocean. Large companies are banning plastic straws completely, but it doesnt help enough, because going to places like target is still selling them to people. Gas emissions and exhaust gases are also horrible for the environment, and gas could cause acid rain, give people irritation in the lungs, eyes, throat, and nose from direct contact. Greenhouse gases are causing global warming, making the earth heat up a lot and melting ice in Antarctica and destroying homes for penguins and polar bears in cold regions. Coal is adding to the California fires by sending gas to make the fires even worse, and on top of that, chemicals are being dropped on top of the fires, making it worse for humans to breathe, and worse for the atmosphere. Cigarettes are also adding to the smoke worsening the fires. Marine life is dying because of plastic and oil pollution, and seafood restaurants are getting fish that could have plastic and oil in them, making people have oil in them as well, and since 70% of the earth is the ocean, we could be in trouble, and we havent even discovered all the ocean. Air pollution from cars could give pregnant womens children autism if breathed in, this could not just be pollution from cars, but from fires, if so, new Californians could get autism, and India Has a lot of pollution from cars, so autism research funds should be good. Crops are getting polluted, and animals are eating them, worsening the animals and infecting them, this meat gets sent to stores and gets sold to the public making them sick. Animals crops are getting infected because of smoke getting into them, once an animal reproduces the bad stuff gets in the baby animal and so on. 6th grade could take a field trip and go around Austin to pick up peoples litter.

The Influence of Jean Jacques Rousseau Essay - 1247 Words

Eighteenth-century philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau influenced many French revolutionaries with his ideas. In the time of the Enlightenment, people believed that humankind could progress and improve through the use of reason and science. One of them was French artist Jacques-Louis David, who was official artist to the French revolution (p158, Blk 3). Just as Rousseau had used his publications to reflect on his ideas, David had used art as a media to reflect the ideas and values of the society in the eighteenth century. In this essay, we will be examining the influence of Rousseau’s views on the relationship between the state and the individual in David’s painting â€Å"The Oath of the Horatii†. Rousseau’s publication, The Social Contract,†¦show more content†¦(p105, Blk 3). As the particular will is a product of appetite and the general will a product of reason, we should obey the general will which makes us noble and good. Rousseau argues that when a man acts on his particular will, he is slavish to his appetite and that makes him a stupid, limited animal. Whereas, when he adopts the general will, he is being an ennobled, intelligent being. In the painting, the brothers offer their lives on behalf of the country. In doing so, they are sacrificing their personal desires for the sake of their country and are thus considered heroes, reflecting Rousseau’s views. This painting is divided into three equal parts by the arches in the background and the characters correspond to each of these arches (TV12). The father is in the middle portion of the painting. The lines of perspective created by the tiled floor, draws our attention to the swords that the father is holding and the vanishing point lies just behind the handles of the sword. Our angle of vision is such that we are looking directly at the main figures groups, particularly the father. A single light source from the left of the picture illuminates the characters and also focuses our attention to the father holding the sword. This creates a ‘theatrical’ effect. The background is simple and stark so our attention is focussed on the figure groups in the painting. The painting has a wide tonal range that makes the composition logical and balanced. The colours used in thisShow MoreRelatedJean-Jacques Rousseau Influence on the Declaration of Independence743 Words   |  3 PagesAm erica,† (Fink, 9). Five of the founding fathers got together and penned this important document. As they penned this document, they were inspired by a number of European philosophers and writers. 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Although neither of the men saw the manifestations of their ideas in the American or French Revolutions, their influence is unquestionable to these movements. Without the political and economic atmosphere in France and Europe during the 18th and 19th century, the ideas and beliefs of thinkers like Montesquieu and Rousseau would not have affectedRead MoreThe Age of Reason1424 Words   |  6 PagesB. Who and what influenced him II. Jean Jacques Rousseau A. What he believed in B. Who influenced him III. Claude Adrien Helvetius A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution IV. Immanuel Kant A. How he made a difference B. Why he made a difference C. What caused him to make a difference V. Johann Fichte A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution VI. Johann von Herder A. Contributions B. What caused him to contribute C. Influences VII. Friedrich Schleiermacher A. 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Jean-Jacques RousseauRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau And The Discourse On Inequality1546 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind â€Å"In fact, the real source of all those differences, is that the savage lives within himself, whereas the citizen, beside himself, knows only how to live in the opinion of others; in so much that it is, if I may say so, merely from their judgement that he derives the consciousness of his own existence,† (Rousseau) The quote deriving from one of history’s most powerful and opinionated critique toRead More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral good as far as Hume was concerned. The unselfish understanding of anybody or anythings general welfare was very important to David Hume. Aside from that, Hume also had a great influence in the development of skepticism and empiricism, which are two schools of philosophy (Snyder 45). 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Study on Photorhabdus Luminescens-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Photorhabdus luminescens Bacteria. Answer: Introduction Photorhabdus luminescens bacteria, belongs to the family Enterobactriaceae, and acts as a lethal pathogen for the insects. The bacteria reside in the gut of the nematode of family Heterorhabditidae, in a symbiotic association (Murfin et al, 2012). The life cycle of these bacteria shows a strange switch between virulent and the avirulent form, depending upon the surrounding environment. The bacteria also produce several broadspectrum antibiotics. Extensive researches are going on to understand the biosynthetic mechanism of the secondary metabolites secreted by the bacteria. The driving force behind the extensive researches is because of its application in agriculture and pest control (Ruiu, 2015). It has also found its application in the research of pharmaceuticals. This report gives idea about the discovery of these bacteria, the different phenotypes and the different genes responsible for the different phenotypes. This report also throws light upon the different regulatory mechanisms of the operons and genes that helps the bacteria to switch between a mutualistic form and a virulent form. The latter part of the report also focuses upon the biosynthetic mechanisms of secondary metabolite produced by the bacteria, like Stilbene, Anthraquinone and antibiotic called Carbapenem. Further the report also aims at discussing the usage Nematodal formulations in the field to destroy the population of harmful insects. Discovery of Photorhabdus Several databases have been gone through to get information about the discovery of Photorhabdus bacteria. The civil war left many soldiers wounded, dead, and impaired. The bayonets and the bullets did enough injury, but the soldiers of that era were also prone to infections. The wounds got contaminated with dirt and made a suitable environment for the growth of microbes. Some soldiers could not fight the battle of their life due to lack of medical resources. Few soldiers who waited in the mud out in the rain found their wounds are glowing in the dark. After they had been shifted to the hospital, it was found that the soldiers with glowing wound had a better survival rate than the other soldiers with unilluminated wounds. The protective effect of the strange and mysterious glow earned a nickname Angels glow. In 2001, almost after one forty years after the battle, a seventeen year old while visiting the Shiloh battlefield with his family heard about the glowing wound. His mother was a microbiologist who had been doing research on the luminescent bacteria in the soil. They predicted that the luminescent bacteria that her mom had been studying had some connections with the Angels glow. It was studied that the bacteria lived in the gut of the nematodes share a strange life cycle of an avirulent symbiotic phase and a virulent phase. It was predicted that the weather and the condition of the soil was suitable for the growth of Photorhabdus bacteria. Although, they cannot survive in the normal body temperature, it can be predicted that the temperature at night would have been low enough to give a suitable environment to the bacteria. Phenotype of Photorhabdus luminescence Heterogeneity in the Phenotypes in microbial communities facilitates organisms, that are genetically identical to behave in a different way even under identical environmental conditions. Photorhabdus luminescens, a bioluminescent Gram-negative bacterium, displays a strange life cycle, which involves a mutualistic relayion with nematodes as well as a pathogenic relation with insect larvae. There are two phenotypic cell types, the primary (1) and secondary (2) cells. The 1 cells are pigmented, bioluminescent and grow inside the nematodes. Individual 1 cells can undergo switching of its phenotypes after prolonged cultivation and convert to 2 cells. The LysR-type regulator hexA has been reported to be the major regulator of this switching mechanism. It has been shown that hexA controls phenotypic heterogeneity, directly as well as indirectly. Expression of hexA is increased in 2 cells, and the corresponding regulator inhibits the 1 specific traits in 2 cells. hexA does not influence biol uminescence directly, a predominant 1 specific phenotype. Since the respective lux CD ABE operon is repressed at the post-transcriptional level and transcriptional levels, chaperone gene hfq also increases its expression in 2 cells. Another phenotypic trait that is specific for 1 cells is cell clumping, mediated by quorum sensing. Life cycle of Photorhabdus luminescence Bacteria belonging to the genus Photorhabdus, are found to be in symbiotic association with entopathologic nematode of family Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Clarke, 2014). These nematodes use these bacteria that live inside the gut of the nematodes for killing their hosts. After entering the hosts these nematodes release these bacteria in the host larvae. This causes killing of the hosts within 48 hours (Nielsen-LeRoux, 2012). The virulence factors defeats the immunity of the insect and the insect die Virulence factors like toxin complexes of large tripartite ABC-type. Tcs consists of TcA, TcB, TcC proteins. TcC proteins, ADP ribosyltransferases are responsible for the cell death in the insect larvae. Transportation of the TcC componants by the TcA and TcB componants is still not specifically understood. It has been found that TcA in P. luminescense forms a transient membrane pore and the proteins are inserted into the membrane by a syringe like mechanism (Gatsogiannis et al , 2013). This allows the nematodes to survive and thrive in the insect body. The nematodes reproduce inside the carcass of the insect. The carcass of the larva provides enough nutrients for the nematodes to grow and multiply. The nematodes undergo a number of life cycles and finally the carcass that is infected burst to give numerous progenies of the nematodes (Easom and Clarke, 2012). These new progenies then start searching for new insect hosts and start the cycle all over again. These live nematodes are sometimes used as pest control agents (Tobias et al 2012). Photorhabdus bacteria have got two faces. A mutualistic face, while living inside the gut of the nematodes and a pathogenic face, as they are introduced in to the host larvae. In order to ensure survival the bacteria had to adapt to the different environmental changes. They can switch between a pathogenic (P form) form and a symbiotic form (M form), that does not contain the virulence factors, shows less bioluminescence and are slow growing. An inversion in the promoter helps it to switch between two forms. It has been found that when the madswitch promoter located at upstream of the genes for the mad fimbriae is switched ON, the P.luminescence is said to be in the M form, when it can colonize inside the nematode gut. When the madswitch promoter is switched OF, the bacteria then transform into its P-form, when it can infect the insects but it loses the capacity to colonize inside the nematodes (Orozco, Hill and Stock, 2013). A review shows that, for testing the role of the madswitch promoter an experiment had been done where the madswitch promoter had been genetically locked to either the ON or OFF orientation. P form of the bacteria, having deleted inverted repeats and mad R, was injected into the larvae of Galleria mellonella to detect the M form colonies. Deletion of the upstream inverted repeats locked the madswitch OFF. As a result the P form cannot switch its form and initiate mutualism. Conversely, on deleting the same repeat while the madswitch is ON, switched the P form to M-form colonies without any P-form sectors (Somvanshi et al, 2012). Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites Photorhabdus bacteria shows underexploited novel chemical structures. Over few decades, attention has been given on the toxins and small molecules produced by Photorhabdus. A lot of research had been done in this field because of their potential applications for pest management, as well as in Pharmaceutical industries (Vizcaino, Guo and Crawford, 2014). The natural products secreted by the bacteria are important components in crop protection. Several Photorhabdus protein products and their genes have been found as an alternative to Bacillus thuringenesis for the production of transgenic crops, although their application has not been pursued (Brachmann et al., 2012). Stilbene biosynthesis Photorhabdusshows a secondary metabolism that is essential for the mutualism between the bacteria and the nematode. An essential secondary metabolite is a stilbene molecule, known as ST. The initial step in ST biosynthesis involves the non-oxidative deamination of phenylalanine which results in the formation of cinnamic acid. Phenylalanine-ammonium lyase, which is an enzyme, encoded by thestlAgene, catalyses the reaction. Researches have shown that the expression ofstlAis regulated by nutrient limitation via a regulatory mechanism that involves by 3 regulators. It has been found that TyrR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator that regulates gene expression in response to aromatic amino acids inE. coli, is required forstlAexpression. It had also been found that Sand Lrp modulates thestlAexpression. These are regulators that are implicated in the regulation of the response to nutrient limitation in other bacteria (Lango-Scholey, 2013). This report describes a regulatory pathway for se condary metabolism inPhotorhabdusand, therefore, the study provides an idea about the complex regulatory network that controls secondary metabolism and mutualism, in this organism (Lango et al., 2013) Carbapenem biosyntheses Photorhabdus bacteria produce many broad spectrum antibiotics as their secondary metabolite (Raaijmakers and Mazzola, 2012). It has been reported that a cluster of 8 genes (cpmA to cpmH) are responsible for the formation of carbapenem like antibiotics. The cpm mRNA level gets high during the exponential phase and is regulated by Rap/Hor homolog that has been found in Photorhabdus bacteria. It has been found that marker exchanged mutagenesis in the gene leads to impaired production of carbapenem production. The luxS like signaling function also have role in the functioning of the cpm operon. It has been found the luxS gene produces an auto inducer that causes repression in the cpm gene at the end of the exponential phase of the growth cycle (Bozhyk et al., 2017). Anthraquinone biosynthesis The entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens produces a red pigment and an antibiotic in insect carcasses in which it grows and in cultures. The pigment was identified as 1, 6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-9, 10-anthraquinone, which is an Anthraquinone derivative. AQ pigment is produced by proteins encoded by the 9 gene anta-I locus. Genes present at both the end of this locus encode certain regulators of transcription are encoded by the genes of this locus. Hdfr, which is a transcription regulatory factor, acts as a repressor of ant- I expression and AQ production (Park and Crawford, 2015). Over the years it has become necessary for humans to control the populations of harmful insects Insecticides have been used for this purpose in agricultural and horticultural sectors. Biological have replaced the synthetic insecticides, because of their harmful effects. Recent researches have shown that species of Photorhabdus bacteria produce insecticidal toxins, which have various biotechnological, agricultural, and economic importances (Castagnola and Stock, 2014). Conclusion The report focuses on the recent advances in researches regarding the molecular biology of Photorhabdus luminescens, and emphasis has been given to apply the researches in the field of agriculture. The above report signifies the Photorhabdus bacteria are the gold mine for the discovery of new type of toxins and drugs. This report also throws light upon the fact that this bacterium employs a complex regulatory mechanism of its genes and operons to control its production of secondary metabolite during its life cycle. The bacterium displays a functional heterogeneity in phase variation and interaction with different hosts. It can be concluded that the production of the secondary metabolites at the time of post exponential phase of the life cycle has a direct link with mutualistic association of the bacteria with the nematode. It has also been shown in the report that a mere switch in the promoter could regulate the bacterias pathogenicity towards specific host. The report gives a better understanding about the different regulatory pathways that the bacteria employ. All these characteristics of the bacteria along with its use in the field of agriculture make it a popular topic of research. References Bozhyk, K.A., Zhou, Q., Engel, Y., Heinrich, A., Prez, A. and Bode, H.B., 2017. 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